Symptoms
- File shows an error like 'file is corrupted' or 'cannot be opened'
- File size looks normal but content won't display
- Problem appeared after a crash, power outage, or interrupted transfer
- Multiple files in the same folder are affected
Likely causes
- CommonInterrupted save or transfer left the file incompleteA crash or unplugged drive mid-write leaves a broken file.
- PossibleUnderlying drive has bad sectors where the file is storedPhysical drive damage can corrupt specific files while others stay fine.
- PossibleFile format mismatch or wrong program versionSometimes 'corrupted' actually means the wrong app or version is trying to open it.
- Less commonMalware interferenceSome malware corrupts or encrypts files as a side effect.
What to do
- Try opening the file in a different program that supports the same format.
- Check if a backup copy exists in cloud storage, an old backup drive, or a previous version.
- On Windows, right-click the file and check 'Previous Versions' if File History or backups are enabled.
- Run a repair tool specific to the file type if one exists (many office and media formats have them).
- Run a drive health check to see if bad sectors caused the corruption, since more files may be affected.
- If it's a one-off important file, dedicated file-repair software can sometimes rebuild it.
Tools and parts
- File repair software specific to file type
When to call a pro
If several files are corrupting and a drive health check shows problems, back up everything now and plan to replace the drive.
Safety
Generally low risk
Generally low risk for a careful person. Stop if anything looks different from what this guide describes.